clustering technique is one of the most important techniques of data mining and is the branch of multivariate statistical analysis and a method for grouping similar data in to same clusters. with the databases getting bigger, the researchers try to find efficient and effective clustering methods so that they can make fast and real decisions. thus, in this paper, we proposed an improved ant syst...

Properties of discrete cake-cutting procedures that use a minimal number of cuts (n – 1 if there are n players) are analyzed. None is always envy-free or efficient, but divideand-conquer (D&C) minimizes the maximum number of players that any single player may envy. It works by asking n ≥ 2 players successively to place marks on a cake that divide it into equal or approximately equal halves, the...

We consider the composite log-determinant optimization problem, arising from the `1 regularized Gaussian maximum likelihood estimator of a sparse inverse covariance matrix, in a high-dimensional setting with a very large number of variables. Recent work has shown this estimator to have strong statistical guarantees in recovering the true structure of the sparse inverse covariance matrix, or alt...

Divide and Conquer is a well known algorithmic procedure for solving many kinds of problem. In this procedure, the problem is partitioned into two parts until the problem is trivially solvable. Finding the distance of the closest pair is an interesting topic in computer science. With divide and conquer algorithm we can solve closest pair problem. Here also the problem is partitioned into two pa...

The paper devotes to the problem of overcoming of the digital divide in the Sub Saharan African States. On the example of Kenya the author speaks about the comparative success of the development of the information technologies in Africa and in turn underlines the most significant obstacles on the way of African states to the global information society and suggests the means how to overcome them.

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abstract women as half of the population of each society have important role in societies development. accordingly, many sociologists consider study of women’s empowerment and its influencing factors. present study is to examine the relationship between digital divide and women empowerment. in addition, women empowerment and its dimensions (access and control of resources, participation, gender...

The digital divide is nothing else than the reflection of the social divide in the digital world. The use of ICT for human development does offer opportunities to reduce the social divide for individual beings or communities; yet there exists a series of obstacles to overcome. The very existence of an infrastructure for connectivity is only the first obstacle, although it often receives an excl...

Online reading behavior can be regarded as a 'new' form of cultural capital in today's digital world. However, it is unclear whether 'traditional' mechanisms of cultural and social reproduction are also found in this domain, and whether they manifest uniformly across countries at different stages of development. This article analyzes whether the early home literacy environment has an impact on ...